Solar

harbornet
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6485152B2/en patent expires 2021 April. Uses bicycle wheel for azimuth movement. http://web.archive.org/web/20070528062310/http://www.harbornet.com/sunflower/ cost of solar dish. http://web.archive.org/web/20110831010656/http://www.harbornet.com/sunflower/pvdish.html pictures of solar setups, patents etc.

tracking
Journal papers from the 70's describes that solar tracking was done with an objective, field lens setup(telescope), with the objective having a very long focal length. This has an optical multiplication effect of the sun movement by a several factors. Four quadrant photo diodes(connected to TransimpedenceAmp) are placed around the spot formed via the field lens. Solar Tracking.

solar panels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKhszB4E1_M Solar panel reflector design. We start with an overview of possible reflector technologies and then compare two identical solar panels but one has the reflector panels installed. Allows a 5x increase if power of a solar panel. Use diy Linear actuators for a heliostat design and cool the panels with fine spray nozzle. in excessive heat use louvres.

Extend idea with rotating platform PICS?>?

Carnutt and Teton solar furnace
First published design of Fresnel solar array for a solar furnace. (See SolarLinks,Solar Tracking) The Carnutt Solar Furnace as presented in "The Mother Earth News". http://www.redrok.com/tmendish.htm or archive Mother Earth News heliostat design. They are a series of jpeg files available here: Carnuttsolarfurnace.pdf. See https://www.heliotrack.com/TheHeliostat.html and their removed files heliotrackdotcomdesign.pdf. See https://www.engineeringforchange.org/news/solar-fires-beautiful-concentrators-an-open-source-secret/, (https://archive.ph/jhLIb) for Fresnel solar cookers based on Teton.

Teton engineering entends the Carnutt furnace. Released free design of 4x4m 6000watt concentrating helio stat solar energy and encourages its construction based on a book on Fresnel reflectors from 1970. See this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTvAL7ty53M http://www.cliquesolar.com, (cliquesolar archive) and https://solarcooking.fandom.com/wiki/Clique_Solar. Design in the right picture is lifted from the Carnutt and Tetonsolar furnace, no patents are possible by Cliqsolar. tetonsolar. https://solarcooking.fandom.com/wiki/GoSol_Solar_Concentrator is another variation of the Teton fresnel design and easily reproducible from the picture. And https://www.heliac.dk/technology/ is another variation with polycarbonate fresnel lenses, heating oil for a turbine.

Teton Engineering Inc developed a 20,000 Btu (6000 watt) solar concentrator designed specifically for the backyard mechanic to build using simple construction and basic materials. The design was marketed all around the world while interest was high, but eventually that interest faded away. We continue to receive requests for the manual but it has been withdrawn from the market long ago due to the ever increasing litigious atmosphere in the USA. Searching the internet, we find very little information to help the non professional or hobbyist solar energy experimenter so have decided to contribute the successful design to the public domain without an obligation to provide support or expect compensation. This information is offered for historical interest.

spider
gosol fresnel design derived from Teton and https://solarcooking.fandom.com/wiki/NeoLoco. They call this system a Fresnel reflector meaning that the reflector (concentrator is made up of many small segments rather than one continuous surface. Mirror tiles as the segments came from Charles Curnutt, Popular Science, April 1978. SOLAR ENERGY THERMAL PROCESSES by Duffie and Beckman- published by John Wiley and Sons,(1974) was the major engineering referance for this project. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IBmI5NrQZ8 (Lytefire - A different energy, a different lifestyle. It's time to change our lifestyles and to use clean energies better.Solar Fire Concentration, a Finnish based social and impact company, introduces you to the device that will allow you to do this: Lytefire.Durable, powerful, scalable, Lytefire will give you high quality access to heat for your thermal needs. It's a sustainable tech, radically sensible and now reimagined for a viable future. Accessible and efficient, Lytefire replaces fossil fuels while protecting the environment.Available applications: solar oven and solar roaster. Lytefire 5: from 50kg to 110kg bread /day and Lytefire 11: from 110kg to 250kg bread / day depending on the season.) With the design lifted from Teton Engineering no patents are possible.

solarfire.org helios mirror for shaping the plastic mirrors. Reflective Material is glued over PP. Renamed to https://solarfire.io/en#brands

https://web.archive.org/web/20060205194557/http://www.ida.net/users/tetonsl/solar/page_iii.htm A TRACKING SOLAR CONCENTRATOR construction manual https://web.archive.org/web/20070314200232/http://www.ida.net/users/tetonsl/solar/page_46.htm THE COLLECTOR:

collector must be a rugged device, capable of surviving a loss of fluid, in which case it will heat to about 1200 F before its losses equal the solar energy input. It must be designed to handle the fluid flow rate and pressure to satisfy your application. The first idea that comes to mind, is to use copper tubing, perhaps attached to a flat metal plate similar to the construction of most flat plate collectors. This indeed has been tried and found unsatisfactory. The tubing cannot be soft soldered because of the high temperatures and hard soldering creates monstrous warpage problems. Mechanical attachment such as clamping fails when the copper loses its temper, and oxides form when it overheats, resulting in poor thermal connection. The plate cannot be eliminated, unless you can figure out a way to cover the entire target area with tubing and still manage to have low flow resistance. Tests were made with collectors using aluminum which simply melted and ran like molasses when overheated.

The satisfactory design that was adopted for the prototype is very easy for you to duplicate. Two plates of 14 gauge steel are sandwiched to- gether and the fluid is ran through the space between them. The heat has only a few thousandths of an inch to travel to reach the fluid. The resistance to fluid flow is very low and the design has survived many deliberate dry runs for hours at a time. It is necessarily heavier than some others we tested, weighing in at 23 pounds, but this is acceptable. The collector is built somewhat like a steam boiler with stay bolts to strengthen it, figure 28. Caution: It is not a steam boiler and we have made no attempt to test or prove its capabilities under high pressure steam. The collector is intended to work in a low pressure loop, not to exceed twenty psi. If you need higher pressure, then you should seek out persons skilled in boiler design for advice. http://www.ida.net/users/tetonsl/solar/page_50.htm

http://www.ida.net/users/tetonsl/solar/page_53.htm Several pumps are available varying greatly in cost, performance and noise. We have selected a very satisfactory one for the prototype, a Grundfos model UPS20-42 available from heating and plumbing suppliers around the country.

An optional, but recommended safety device that you should consider at this time is a high temperature limit control that will direct the electronic tracking system to get off the sun to prevent a boil-over. We used a Ranco C30-C1250 remote bulb temperature controller with an adjustable range of 120 to 250 F. It has a six foot lead and bulb that can be strapped to the piping at the top of the array while the control is mounted near the hub where you have easy access to it. An alternative is a Honeywell L6008C1206-30 to 270F. Others, who have built copies of our system have elected to install a snap action limit switch, 300F right behind the collector so it can sense an over- heat with no fluid in the system, to transmit heat to the previous device.

Other controls might sense the temperature in a storage tank and direct the array to get off the sun when the desired limit is reached. Any one or all of these controls can be wired into the electronic track- ing system providing they open a circuit when the limit is reached.

ring
moved from  SolarLinks#Solar_ring  section, buys merging page with this one https://web.archive.org/web/20120827172948/http://www.svvti.com/technologies/index.htm svvti.com archive''Lens replaces Fresnel and trough designs. '' The Ring-Array Concentrator (RAC) is an optical lens based on an array of nested ring reflectors. This patented design is completely free from the light-dispersion effects of conventional refractive lenses which allows for obtaining much higher efficiencies and concentrations for a broad range of electromagnetic energy spectrum. RAC forms a high-power beam on its rear side which can be ideal for many solar solar applications including high-concentration PV modules, electric generators based on Stirling heat engines, high-heat furnaces, hydrogen production, material processing, etc.

They claim it was patented, but the patent can't be found yet. There was a similar patent using rings but it expired in 2000. The rings were level, in the svvti.com design the rings rise up gradually. See Sasecurity for more pictures. Concave slats instead of parabolic through design and patent 6971756B2 Vasylyev Viktor holds one patent on solar energy(expires Dec.2021). The major advantage of this design is that blinding of aircraft isn't possible as with parabolic trough and Heliostat Mirrors. Nersa doesn't want to become irrelevant and will will gang up with the CAA using this issue as a pretext to prevent their demise.

four fresnel lenses for pool heating video

12kwh
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTvAL7ty53M&feature=related large mirror array with gaps in between, known as a Fresnel mirror array - FMA. Idea lifted from Teton solar(Redrok solar links). Construction is a flat square(4x4m) divided into grids with square tubes. Each individual square mirror(silicon glued to a metal bracket mounted on a 1/4inch diameter, 20cm length threaded bolt) is focused in turn on a central focal point by bending each bolt with a bending tool. The bolts are spaced down the length of each tube a set distance between each other. A counter balance behind the mirror array is made with suitable weight(sleeper wood). The mirror array and counter balance pivots on a large triangular base(1m height) in the video. Focus on a pulse boiler

This focused energy heats a steam boiler with 12 gallons of water to 430PSI. In the video the steam drives a two piston steam engine from Steam_Engines3 that turns a 12Kwh generator. Mike Brown also sells plans for a mini-steamplant to recycle the hot vented steam from the steam engine.

A white bent shroud metal reflector is placed on top of the boiler to reflect back rays onto the boiler that escaped past it. Ideas for the construction were taken from
 * Redrok_solar_links First publication of Fresnel solar furnace.
 * Redrok_solar_links Construction plans for a 4x4m solar Fresnel furnace derived from Carnutt.
 * Redrok_solar_links
 * Openfarmtech
 * http://www.tinytechindia.com/solar6kwtp.htm
 * Solarfire They have an alternative solution than Teton and Carnut, with 6x6m fresnel array on the ground that is safe to use in residential areas, where the Teton isn't. Both http://raw-solar.com/ and Solarfire use a technique where hard mirrors are actually bent. An alternative to this is to bend square plastic, covered with Reflectech Reflective Material. Bending the mirror results in reduced focal point, but isn't strictly necessary. Teton design didn't bend any individual mirrors.

A single heat absorbing element like a boiler(solar tower) as shown in the video is preferred above the parabolic trough idea. Troughs are difficult to make.

Hydrogen is produced with the 12Kwh generator for a FuelCell which can be used to build an electric car.

coffee
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpI6A34c1ME coffe beans https://www.tinytechindia.com/product/renewable-energy-equipments/large-parabolic-solar-baskets/46 solar basket

ecoflow


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWjlQ4jNio4 ecoflow and deltamax tracking device, with lin actuator, roof mount https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hC8pms3AmKc  use this idea for roof https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWCFIGVAs0Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTBx2W7TFXY

chicken


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mK8Mvbp-ZpY chicken roasting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_TotE0blk8 heliostat prototype, usuable as roof design

fiber underground lighting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPUxUn-_qQQ Robyn Shapiro is the deputy director of the Lowline, a project in New York City that is planning to build a public park underground. Key to the project is channeling natural sunlight from the surface by using a technology called parabolic solar reflectors. (tech is in journal papers. Parabolic reflects light back on to a precision polished code which beams it down into a cavity and fiber optic cable. Needs a 0.05 accurate tracking device). Can also be adapted for vertical greenhouse. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DN8GXTmR6RI A Sun collector as a fire hazard risk: the sun is a powerful source of energy, using a magnifier is enough to start a fire, so be cautious if you want to do this project and never let a collector alone, always have a look at it. - 3DIY captain: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIR7m8apKZ4 and https://www.thingiverse.com/3diy-captain/designs I improved the design, making it more easy to configure. This video will give you an idea of its light efficiency. Even in daylight the spot is bright. I used 8 small (2mm diameter) lenses and one 1mm optical fiber per lens! Also, great improvement, fiber and lens are hold using 3D printed parts. It took me a lot of work (and fails) to design, mount, test everything, I hope you will like to see how I did it (in another video), and maybe you can do the same! but keep in mind using sunlight have a fire hazard if parts are not mounted properly and never leave the collector unattended or in a place where a fire can propagate! --- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP2APH2TKyY t's the start of a new day. One where you want to spark creativity, maximize productivity, and provide an environment that inspires everyone in it. Perhaps the best known way is by using daylighting to bring outside light, in.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1a9TYfYPg7E Since 2003 PARANS has brought natural light to the indoor environment with the help of its green Swedish innovation – the PARANS system. With the fourth product generation – the SP4 – you can bring natural light 30 floors down from the rooftop. How it works: Collectors on the roof Fibre optic cables leading the natural light through the property Luminaries are spreading the light inside Sunlight has an enormous impact on our wellbeing. It makes us feel better, learn faster, achieve more and become more productive. Our innovative technology leads sthe sunlight indoors so that you can experience the healthy natural light even far away from windows. https://www.parans.com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4oZhY8QA8s Solatube vs sunglo plastic flashings are commonly used on people roofs without even realizing it. This video is proof that solatube does use plastic flashings. The down pipes are filled out with Reflective Material.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlZ10MsEyc Collecting and Transferring the Sunlight Using Fiber Optic Cables and Lenses. The Vitamin D market is bigger more than ever an in the statistics coming from the UK %74 of the people has levels below the optimum level for wellbeing and %27 of have insufficient or deficient levels of Vitamin D. This shows us a very big and increasing problem. We cannot access the sunlight enough. https://github.com/Yusufss4/transferring-sunlight-using-fiber-optical-cables https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esBKnZd8tGg Check out this video where we experiment with moving light into the building for our aquaponics system from the sun, using fiber optic cable, a fresnel lens, and an IR/UV filter.

alum melting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d5ZcRW_ElU https://web.archive.org/web/20120206132306/https://www.sandia.gov/Renewable_Energy/solarthermal/images/furnace.gif three mirrors on one, reflected back

Solar bottle water heater
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faMl8r6uEmU

Solution
http://sasecurity.wikia.com/wiki/Special:Categories Lists all categories , Air Engine compressed air battery http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/DIY_home_electricity_system   diy solar
 * Energy Links Methods for converting sun energy into electrical energy.
 * http://sasecurity.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Solar_cells
 * Foundary
 * Wood to gas
 * Sun tracking
 * Water distillation
 * Agriculture
 * Inverters solar inverters.
 * SolarLinks2
 * Solarfire
 * http://www.trade.nsw.gov.au/energy/sustainable/renewable/solar/sustain_renew_solar_white_cliffs_project_report.pdf
 * Instructables
 * Whispergen's wobble yoke from Stirling Whispergen can be used for both Steam Engines3, Steam engine plans and Stirling Engines.

Modular heat storage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n90Y6Qwab_8

Motors
http://www.innomot.com  Generates electricity using swimming like motion.

Ideas
moved to Solar Notes

Compressor to Steam engine conversion
http://www.slamvalvemotor.com/custom.html convert almost any piston and cylinder to steam. Automobile engines work well. Diesel engines provide long lifespan. Air compressors and refrigeration compressors are most economical. Ported steam motors put out over twice the torque of a gasoline motor of the same size, making them ideal for plug hybrid vehicle conversions.
 * http://www.slamvalvemotor.com/flooded.html Flooded tube boiler design
 * http://www.slamvalvemotor.com/products.html
 * http://www.slamvalvemotor.com/uniflow.html Gasoline engine to steam conversion.
 * http://www.slamvalvemotor.com/frenel.html Fresnel reflector heat generation

Solar Patents
Solar patents Ideas for constructing frames for FMA.

Instructables
http://www.instructables.com/id/Solar-PV-tracker/

CPV solar

 * Zenith Solar CPV cells on which is focused the sun with parabolic reflector
 * CPV solar
 * CPV ideas

Heat pipes
Heat pipes

Fresnel mirror array
http://raw-solar.com/ Fresnel reflector design or FMA
 * FMA Fresnel mirror array
 * Novatech solar
 * Mirror positioners,
 * International Automated systems
 * SoharaDotOrg This idea won't work, the Fresnel Mirror Array from SolarLinks is preferred.

Heliostat mirror
Heliostat Mirrors

Scratchpad notes

 * Solar Notes
 * Energy notes2
 * Fresnel Lens construction Notes on making a large round frensel lens with smaller conic(triangle) shaped lenses. There is a patent that has four separate fresnel assemblies attached to one foundation somewhere under links.

Parabolic troughs
Parabolic trough

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARFA1rNOnQk Solar Tracking Mechanism using a single hydraulic cylinder and a four-bar mechanism.

Crank Rotation: 210 degrees.

Spring 2013 Graduation Project

Solar cooking
also be filled with salt inside, which will keep it hot for cooking through the night.
 * SolarCooker
 * http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Solar_box_cooker
 * Solar cooking Add section about using 4foot square steel block that is heated up with a Fresnel reflector array(SolarLinks). The steel block can
 * French university link somewhere, heats up synthetic oil with trough. Pump this 170degree hot oil into a sealed metal square 2x2ft. Place pot on the plate and boil water or cook food. An oven can be built out of sealed metal square and filled with synthetic oil from trough or FMA (fresnal array)

Fill container with cold synthetic oil and place on top of MoltenSalt boiler. Gravity circulates the oil down the boiler. The outlet is coupled to a metal square, filling up with oil. As the temperature drops in the square a second tap lets the cold oil out, captured in a second container. Cooking pots are placed on the metal square.

Solar videos

 * Solar videos

Reflective material

 * Reflective Material Milar reflective mirror material. Metallized Polyester Film

Stirling DIY
http://fieldlines.com/board/index.php?topic=143774.0 Converts air compressor to alpha type Stirling

Stirling Engines
Stirling Engines, Stirling greenpowerscience

Seebeck effect
Seebeck effect

Heat pumps
Heat pumps

Steam Engines

 * Quasi turbine Possible scam, can't produce a single independent test of hooking it up to a dynamo to measure output/input power ratio. It seems steam engines are the only viable, proven technology at the moment that is mass producible.
 * Engines2 ,
 * Steam engine plans
 * Steam Engines3,
 * Flash Steam
 * SolarTurbine Turbines won't work, use steam engines because the steam droplets damages the blades of the turbine. Turbine needs dry steam to operate.
 * TinyTech industries from India builds small steam engines - Solarfire

Thermal storage

 * Hydronic heating
 * Absorption chillers
 * MoltenSalt ,
 * Thermal storage
 * http://wims.unice.fr/xiao/solar/storage.html container filled with oil and beads
 * Solar and thermalDotcom
 * Ammonia engine generator

Wind energy

 * Wind energy

Batteries and Fuel cells

 * BatteryTech ,
 * FuelCell,
 * HydroElectricity ,
 * Residential water heating with Fresnel lens
 * ElectricityMines ,
 * Simulate large parabolic with Sohara design

Distillation
https://web.archive.org/web/20140325020240/http://www.swarajindia.com/mini-distillation.html The ordinary form of vacuum pan evaporates about 8~ lbs. of water per pound of coal, but it is said that the best forms of Yaryan apparatus evaporate from 23t to 25 lbs. of water per pound of coal in a triple effect, and 30t lbs. in a quadruple effect. Read more: http://www.lenntech.com/chemistry/vacuum.htm#ixzz2kX8xTurN

Circuits
http://makezine.com/projects/make-36-boards/how-to-use-leds-to-detect-light/ LT1006 for converting light on green led to voltage with TransimpedenceAmp. Anode connected to ground, all other opamps the cathode connected to ground. Forest Mims specifies 220pf and 1meg feedback resistor. A small hole is drilled in the center of diode for a fiber optic thread to direct the light to a narrow angle of incidence.

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.515.3785&rep=rep1&type=pdf pinhole sun sensing for satellite. I/V converter. See journal paper citations Dec.1969.

Steam, Stirling engines
http://www.slamvalvemotor.com/

http://www.redrok.com/engine.htm

Improve on Teton
SolarLinks

eskimo
Eskimo solar furnace

Solar parabolic plans
http://www.ffwdm.com/solar/solar-index.htm linked from http://www.redrok.com/led3xassm.htm

A tracking parabolic trough solar heater you can buildI have built a parabolic solar tracking concentrator of my own design. These are pictures of the working prototype.The plan book is now available here Please read this recent review Time-lapse videos of the system in operation at:youtube.com/user/georgeplhak

Comments from the readers of this project page and the blog: ffwdm.com/solar/comments.htm

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): ffwdm.com/solar/FAQ.htm

Bill Of Materials is here (PDF) including part costs (revised Mar 29/10). This list gives the page number in the book where each part is discussed in detail including methods of fabrication, sources of supply and any alternatives that are suggested. You supply the labor or you can have the parts made for you locally.

Parts cost per section C$185 (Canadian dollars) Parts cost of the motor drive C$235 (only one required) Parts cost of the solar sensor and housing C$60 (one required)

Solar
http://www.briery.com/solar/solar_tracker.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGDcVHCKlCI making parabolic

Selftest.net
http://www.selftest.net/media/solar/ tennis balls, helio stat mirror http://www.selftest.net/media/SunCalcs.htm

Axel's Helioworm 	practical
http://www.mikrocontroller.net/articles/Sonnenfolger_/_Heliostat SUN TRACKER

http://home.arcor.de/heliostat/

Axel's Helioworm Heliostat. Helioworm - DIY Heliostat drive with self made worm gear. The worm gear wheel is made from the white plastic of a cutting board. The stepper motors and the gears are taken from an old printer. All moving parts and the control electronics are located in the housing and are the weather proof. The control unit is based on an Atmel Mega168 micro controller. Electronic board and control program.

Heliotrack.com
Commercial product for sale stands, tracking etc.

http://www.heliotrack.com/TheHeliostat.html The goal was to develop a target-axis heliostat built with common construction materials and simple solar tracking electronics capable of sub-degree accuracy. There are advantages and disadvantages of this type of autonomous heliostat design. Advantages: Disadvantages: Spot drift during overcast periods (***WARNING*** this is a major safety concern with heliostats especially if they are optically actuated. If the sun goes behind the clouds or the heliostat malfunctions the focal spot will drift off target. For low solar concentrations and lighting applications this is usually not a problem, but imagine if you had 20 heliostats set up ... anything in the path of the solar spot while it is off target or is moving back to the target could get VERY HOT and possibly CATCH ON FIRE! Screening and blinding are two possible ways to address this problem.)
 * Aiming is simple, just point the heliostat toward the target.
 * Leveling is not required.
 * Simple electronic design. (No encoders, microprocessors, or computers.)
 * Inexpensive DC motors.
 * Low parasitic power consumption. (Approximately 4 milliamps.)
 * Wide power supply range (9 - 36 vdc)
 * Optical sensor will not work if anything gets between it and the sun.
 * Rotary actuatiors can be prohibitively expensive.

http://www.heliotrack.com/Parabolic.html The CSP collector element is a 10" diameter spiral coil of 3/8" soft copper tube. To absorb more energy it has painted with high temperature black B-B-Q paint purchased from Home Depot. Water, antifreeze, or mineral oil is circulated through the collector coil and then through another copper heat exchange coil in the holding tank or boiler. The white fiberglass insulation on the back of the coil is there to reduced re-radiation and convection losses. The tank heating element is a coil of 1/4"copper tube. The temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the cooling coil is 40˚F at a circulation volume of .3 gallons per minute. It is imperative that this system has some means of pressure relief. At some point the transfer fluid will flash into steam causing pressure buildup in the system. It is possible to get a constant flow of steam by using a positive displacement feed pump adjusted to the proper flow rate.
 * http://www.heliotrack.com/Heliostat1M.html
 * http://www.heliotrack.com/ Helio stat design

This is a prototype parabolic dish thermal collector. In this case we are using it to heat water. Parabolic dish collectors require dual-axis solar tracking. The collector element is a coil of 1/4"copper tube painted with high temperature black paint. The tracking range of this dish is 300˚ which makes it great for higher latitudes, it also has a tilt back feature for low latitude operation where the sun seasonally goes from the northern to southern sky.

The collector element is a coil of 1/4"copper tube painted with high temperature flat black paint. Water or antifreeze is circulated through the collector coil and then through a copper heating coil in a holding tank. We can heat about 10 gallons of water from 60˚F to about 120˚F in 8 hours. This dish collects about .28 square meters of sun. If it were 100% efficient it would produce about 280 watts of power or 956 BTU's per hour or 7648 BTU in 8 hours. In actuality it produces about 4980 BTU in 8 hours. This is a system efficiency of about 65%.

There is controversy surrounding ethanol and whether it contributes a net gain or loss in the sustainable energy equation. One of the main drawbacks with ethanol fuel is that it takes energy to manufacture - first in the cultivation and harvesting of sugar crops, and again in the distillation process. Another drawback is that the cultivation of crops to make fuel could compete for resources needed to grow food.
 * http://www.heliotrack.com/Solar-Ethanol.html

But consider this: - regardless of where it fits into the sustainability equation, ethanol is one of the only liquid fuels that can be easily made by the average person. If the gas stations run dry, not to worry! If you can procure sugar and yeast; with a well crafted still you can make fuel to power your car, motorcycle or lawnmower. It might not be very feasible on a large scale, but on a small scale, this process empowers the individual tremendously. With the exception of Italy and New Zealand, personal manufacture of ethanol is illegal. Fortunately, in the United States a person can apply for an alcohol fuel producer permit, which provides a legal avenue for citizens to make their own ethanol for fuel. The catch: you must surrender the property where your still is located to spontaneous government inspection. This is a big deterrent for many people. The people we talked with at the TTB were professional, friendly, and to the point. They issued our permit in less than a month. It seemed to move things along that we had a facility dedicated to this type of research and had everything setup and ready to go.

sand
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KozXB04eM-c  Jack Parry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMFL_oiJuzU

Links
Heliostat Mirrors ParabolicTrough solar absorption ice maker with ammonia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARFA1rNOnQk olar Tracking Mechanism using a single hydraulic cylinder and a four-bar mechanism. https://web.archive.org/web/20100628044427/http://www.unienerji.com/?tag=gunes-bacasi solar tower

https://solarcooking.fandom.com/wiki/Heliac The Heliac Solar Cooker fresnel lens concentrates solar energy onto a mirror, which refocusses it up to the bottom of the cooktop. https://solarcooking.fandom.com/wiki/Solar_Cooking_Wiki_(Home) https://www.psa.es/en/facilities/solar_furnaces/sf60.php In operation since 1991, the 60 kW power solar furnace SF60, is the oldest in service of the three PSA solar furnaces. It consists essentially of a 120 m2 flat heliostat and a 100 m2 surface reflection parabolic concentrator. (Control of Solar energy systems, Diego Martinez p.316 DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-916-1) https://www.instructables.com/Solar-OSE-Solar-concentrator-for-steam-generation/ This document describes the construction of a linear Fresnel solar concentrator. The prototype is adapted for heat needs between 100°C and 250°C. links to http://forum.osefrance.org/ and https://github.com/osefrance/SolarConcentrator https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvdENQ5KMjo Concentrated solar power is produced using a large amount of mirrors which are angled to reflect the sunlight onto a large solar receiver. Aside from being clean energy, one of the most promising advantages of CSP is that it can generate transportable energy for use far beyond where it was harvested. The idea of concentrated solar power isn’t new — the first commercial plant was developed in the 1960s. But a company called Heliogen has found a way to make the process of reflecting and storing sunlight much more accurate and efficient. And soon, it might be more cost-effective than fossil fuels. If adopted globally, this could lead to a hard reset in the manufacturing industry, not to mention prevent wars over oil and mitigate climate change. See https://www.freethink.com/shows/hard-reset/concentrated-solar-power from company https://heliogen.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SL64h9q6SY Introducing the Linear Solar Tracking Array, a cable-stayed and controlled method of moving multiple mirrors as one. This invention may also be used for two-axis tracking of photovoltaic panels, but this presentation focuses mainly on its application regarding concentrated solar power. http://raenergy.igc.org/home.html http://raenergy.igc.org/ultimatveh.html http://www.ece.vill.edu/~nick/usenet/ http://www.ush2.com/ hydrogen http://www.knowledgepublications.com/ Hydrogen Generator Gas for Vehicles and Engines: Volumes 3 and 4 by Compiled by KnowledgePublications.com ISBN:250 pages  8.5x11 inches [size] Yes you can run a generator on wood. Contains Hands ON DIY STEP By STEP Construction of a Simplified Wood Gas Generator for an engine in a Petroleum Emergency. Includes detailed, illustrated instructions for the fabrication, installation, and operation of a Biomass Gasifier plus it contains The Handbook of Biomass Gasifier Engine Systems, which gives you all the theory and background on design, testing, operation and manufacture of small-scale gasifiers. We have combined two unique works and republished them as the second book in our Hydrogen Generator Gas for Vehicles and Engines series to help fill the continuing needs for information in this needed DIY home power field. http://www.redrok.com/NewtonSolarSteamManuscript.pdf pdf turbine thesis https://patents.google.com/patent/US8127581B2/en turbine blade twist correcting tool. wind energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmKSfhNP5V0 replace gas with used cooking oil. http://www.powerfromthesun.net/book.html http://www.azurspace.com/index.php/en/products/products-cpv

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