Cameras

arducam
https://www.arducam.com/product/pi-hawk-eye-64mp-af/ 64meg and https://forum.arducam.com/ forum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxvqwxHvCXY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mYRHrLYmLU raspberry maxes out at 1080 in video mode, so can't take advantage of 64meg.

https://www.arducam.com/product/camera-cable-extension-kit/ extension kit https://petapixel.com/2021/12/07/samsung-unveils-64mp-sensor-that-is-the-closest-ever-to-human-vision/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ruTN5RKvFA test footage

modules
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ2VrwXMhy4 IMX298 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QFUMuyiNBE IMX462' 0.01 lux color module Arducam IMX462 Pivariety is powered by a Sony STARVIS sensor, it’s a well-tuned,  small form factor, 2 MP Low Light Pi Camera with M12 lens holder. Like an original V1, V2, or HQ camera, it is also able to fully leverage Raspberry Pi’s native ISP tuning algorithms to offer both exceptional ultra low light performance and highest possible quality with images and videos. https://www.arducam.com/docs/cameras-for-raspberry-pi/pivariety/2mp-imx462-pivariety-low-light-camera-module/ https://www.uctronics.com/arducam-imx298-mipi-16mp-color-camera-module-for-raspberry-pi.html IMX298 16MEG https://www.uctronics.com/arducam-cmos-ar1820hs-1-2-3-inch-18mp-color-camera-module.html AR1820 18MEG https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIlnO0U70ew IMX230 21Meg https://www.arducam.com/?s=imx179

usb
https://www.arducam.com/product-category/usb-camera/ https://www.arducam.com/arducam-usb-camera-dev-kits/ usb solution up to 21Meg IMX230, buy at https://amzn.to/3uxsRRD https://www.uctronics.com/arducam-usb-camera-shield.html for use with https://www.uctronics.com/arducam-cmos-mt9n001-1-2-3-inch-9mp-color-camera-module.html for example. Arducam 8MP 1080P USB Camera V2 Module for Raspberry Pi, 1/4” CMOS IMX219 Mini UVC USB2.0 Webcam Board with 1.64ft/0.5m USB Cable for Windows, Linux, Android and Mac OS. Raspberry pi parts are in short supply use the RISC sipeed boards with USB arducam, instead of MIPI.

MJPEG
https://www.aliexpress.com/store/5017177 OV5640 Camera Module Free Drive 60 100 Degrees with 40CM USB Cable HD 5MP USB Camera Module for Android Laptop

dothecamera.com
https://www.cloudynights.com/topic/698198-imx385-and-imx327-which-sensitivity-and-signal-to-noise-ratio-are-better/ imx385 Output is MJPEG, not h264 as with arducam. Use https://wiki.radxa.com/ for hardware h.264 encoding https://dothecamera.com/product/imx317-usb-camera-module-4k2k30fps-high-sensitivity-for-consumer-use-still-camera/ IMX317 4K video at 30fps. $70 USB, Linux. Does it use libcamera libraries? Arducam doesn't have IMX317 modules. https://dothecamera.com/product-category/feature/optical-zoom/ IMX179 optical zoom for $200, USB. https://dothecamera.com/product/imx415-camera-module-usb-4k30fps-no-distortion-lens-m12-driver-free/ IMX415 4K video at 30fps. Arducam doesn't have IMX415. See Econsystems for alternative USB at $129. https://dothecamera.com/product/sony-imx179-camera-module-af-usb-cmos-62x9mm-free-driver/ autofocus https://dothecamera.com/product-category/feature/low-light/ Low Light, IMX335, IMX317, IMX385, IMX291 security night surveillance. See sipeed aliexpress store for CSI IMX327.

Dynamic range
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHQOwyifMms and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rR1Elxftz9k with the 13MEG AR1335 PTZ platform. AR1335 image sensor is a 13mp autofocus USB camera that supports iHDR (i-High Dynamic Range). Also available from Econsystems. High Dynamic Range is how much sharp light like the sun is attenuated.

depth camera
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBVHXVoDBLQ BUY Luxonis DepthAI OPENCV Embedded Cameras: https://shop.luxonis.com?aff=5 also available from uctronics.com

global shutter
https://www.arducam.com/?s=GLOBAL+SHUTTER

4k
https://www.arducam.com/use-almost-any-mipi-camera-module-on-raspberry-pi/ Arducam MIPI Cameras: Up to 18 Megapixels, While the Raspberry Pi foundation is satisfied with the current situation, Arducam steps forward to enable advanced applications. The Arducam team has worked hard in the past few years to solve the technical issues, and now we just released a low cost, high-performance camera board for the Raspberry Pi platform, enabling users to connect most MIPI camera modules directly to Raspberry Pi’s native CSI camera port.

These Arducam MIPI Camera Modules adopts the Raspberry Pi Zero like 22-pin CSI connector, and you can easily use them on Raspberry Pi 4, Pi 3/3B+, Pi Zero, and Raspberry Pi Compute Module with Arducam SDK and examples. You can now use a better camera module for applications like wildlife camera, surveillance camera, Raspberry Pi video streaming, AR/VR, QR code scanning, and so on.

Global vs rolling shutter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I10PEyfGKNk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqoRutVxmmA In today's VLOG, we speak last nights news that Sony Developing a Back-Illuminated CMOS Image Sensor with Global Shutter. Now let get too excited as it's only 1.46MP and they need at least 10MP for 4K video but they're on the right path. As I've said over the years, once a Global Shutter is available, there will no longer be any need for a mechanical shutter and the DSLR as we know it will be finished. What do you think about the possible end of the DSLR era? How long do you think it will be until all cameras will be mirrorless?

CSI vs USB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfI-mcwCYF4 Why choose a MIPI CSI-2 interface rather than USB 🔎? Watch the video with our expert Gion-Pitschen Gross and find out more. You want to migrate your computer vision system from a PC to an embedded system without performance trade-off. Raspberry video stream maxes out at 1080p.

store
https://www.uctronics.com/arducam-imx135-mipi-13mp-color-camera-module.html https://www.arducam.com/product/imx135-mipi-13mp-color-camera-module-raspberry-pi/

links
ffmpeg Raspberry Vision components

Image sensors
Global Shutter IMX273,IMX287,IMX296,IMX297 sensors. SONY Introduces the IMX420 428(7 Meg) as the First Imaging Sensors that Features its 3rd Generation CMOS Global Shutter Mode. Linux scriptable OEM boards from Point Grey(Flir), IDS Imaging, 3Dengineering, Leopard,Smartek, Ximea etc. Basler has deployed the 4th generation IMX570 for Linux. Many sensors in either global or local shutter to choose from, good SDK, support, and most have ARM Linux support by default.

store Risingcam aliexpress IMX571 26Meg rolling shutter around $1300. Astronomy range of cameras. The conventional CMOS use the rolling shutter while CCD use global shutter. Now some Sony “Exmor” and “Exmor R” sensors use global shutter which make the CMOS sensor more like a CCD, such as IMX174, IMX302.


 * Hi3518E IP Camera sony imx327, imx219(2meg)  Hisense chip. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6NQ88ub-Hc IMX420 global shutter.
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s53YYyRRa1Q Python25k omnivision 25Meg global shutter sensor.
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm5XOBjke-k IMX418
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRINV6n5u9U IMX428 video sample
 * cctv cameras
 * https://www.m-pression.com/solutions/camera-kits/easymvc IMX420
 * Sony IMX700, IMX800 are 50meg
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xvwnA5OaDk IMX455 31Meg as per https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/e/products/IS/security/product.html
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mP28mEyo_Q8 Samsung G2N 50meg Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra, the Mi 11 phone
 * https://www.edomtech.com/en/product/ins.php?index_id=612 reviews imx335, 412
 * http://image-sensors-world.blogspot.com/2015/02/
 * https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/e/products/IS/security/product.html the imx sensor range

Hikvision
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60U9-oD4Esc review of $800 dome camera

Links

 * mickmake.com
 * Depthperception
 * http://www.cmucam.org small linux scriptable camera module.
 * Raspberry pi https://elinux.org/RPi-Cam-Web-Interface
 * CctvCameras
 * Kurokesu, WebCam, cctv lenses
 * Thermal imaging cameras, SerialCameras
 * CctvRetailers, OutsourceCctvIndia, , ZoneMinder
 * lavrsen motion detection
 * http://www.ideasonboard.org/uvc/
 * https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Webcam

IP cam SoC
hackaday raspebbery streaming use Hi3518E IP Camera SoC as alternative to Raspberry pi  hack an old CCTV outdoor camera, replace the internal board with a rooted Hi3518E, add ESP32 with an IR sensor to wake up the cam and upload a few seconds of video to a cloud service? Low duty cycle, so it’s powered by solar and battery. Uses [http://www.ovt.com/uploads/parts/OV9712%20PB%20v1.1%20WEB.pdf OV9712 from ovt.com omnivision. PC (720P) Motorized Zoom & Auto Focal LEN 1/3" Aptina CMOS sensor AR0130 +Hi3518C CCTV IP camera module PCB board +LAN cable supports external wifi dongle (chip RT3070).
 * http://www.openipcam.com/ modding, hacking ip cameras.
 * https://jelmertiete.com/2016/03/14/IoT-IP-camera-teardown-and-getting-root-password/ rooting Logilink or Apexis JP8015 IP camera.
 * https://blog.tho.ms/hacks/2016/08/28/openwrt-on-logilink-wc0030a.html operwrt on logilink ip cam.
 * https://www.shodan.io/explore
 * http://customcam.blogspot.co.za/ rooting webcam . See Gprs and wifi streaming and Tech blogs

See3CAM
econsystems 13Mpix camera for Nvidia Jetson

https://store.gumstix.com/caspa-fs.html Caspa FS camera board has a CMOS imager (Aptina MT9V032, 752 x 480, 60 FPS, color) making it ideal for robotics computer vision. Without an optical filter, the Caspa FS receives the full-spectrum including infra-red range. https://danstrother.com/2011/01/14/mt9v032-lvds-camera-board/ There are a few big reasons for selecting the MT9V032 – but the biggest, by far, is its global shutter (“TrueSNAP” in Aptina’s marketing parlance). The vast majority of CMOS image sensors use a simpler rolling shutter, which leads to all sorts of troublesome visual artifacts. The MT9V032, on the other hand, is able to expose all of its pixels for the exact same slice of time, making it immune to many of those artifacts. That doesn’t, of course, do any good for more conventional artifacts – like motion blur; only shorter exposures can help with that. ...Beyond raw sensitivity, the MT9V032 supports a form of high-dynamic-range exposures. By progressively reducing the sensitivity of its pixels over the course of an exposure, the sensor is able to approximate a non-linear response. This significantly increases the dynamic range that the sensor can capture in a single exposure – making it much easier to operate in environments with wildly varying lighting conditions (e.g. outside on a sunny day). For a mobile robot operating in an unstructured outdoor environment, each of those features is pretty compelling (perhaps even mandatory). Finding them all in one device is even better. Those features come at a (monetary) cost, however – in small quantities, it’s easily twice the price of less-functional VGA sensors.

openmv.io
https://openmv.io/

Ip cameras
http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/H-264-1CH-WIFI-IP-Video_878661072.html

Watec
Attach a 1/2inch CCD Watec analogue camera(Google Ebay and Watec) to PAL/NTSC to USB converter(http://www.newegg.com/product/product.aspx?Item=N82E16882203057). The USB in turn connects via an USB-Ethernet adapter to a small embedded Wi-Fi AP to stream real-time video from a UAV etc. Or use DVR

WebRTC from google implements real-time video commmunication.

http://www.cctvforum.com/search.php?sid=67ce24f20c5aaec7dfad1e432e68c581

http://www.epiphan.com/products/frame-grabbers/vga2usb/ usb version http://www.epiphan.com/products/frame-grabbers/vga2ethernet/ framegrabber that converts an analogue or s-video signal to an Mpeg4Compression stream that is transmitted from the Uav robotics drone with a generic MeshNetworking access point modem, preferably 2.4ghz 802.11b and not d or g, because b has the furthest range.

Attach an analogue Watch 0.003lux camera to a mpeg4 module which interfaces with an embedded Wi-Fi radio. Most retail analogue-mpeg4 converters are Windows based.


 * OpenTLD open source object recognition and tracking. Can automatically detect intruder and track him, engaging him with Net gun and PepperBall gun. Automatically detects a vehicle and can determine if vehicle stopped and then alert if hijackers disengaged, while ignoring the kids playing in the street. This will improve a CCTV surveillance system. Humans can't concentrate for more than 10mins.

Spectral response limits
0.003Lux from http://www.wateccameras.com and http://www.ryshin.com is the limit in lux sensitivity for surveillance purposes. The values higher than this are used in astronomy (0.0001lux) and can't be used with moving objects since it smears the picture. http://www.wateccameras.com and http://www.supercircuits.com are the preferred suppliers of high sensitive lux cameras. Adverts for CCTV cameras are deceptive, they will state that for night time vision in the presence of InfraRedLeds the CCD camera has a sensitivity of 0lux. There is no such thing as 0.0000000000000......0000lux. Security outlets selling cameras exploit the public's ignorance by stating their cameras operate at 0 lux. 0 lux implies 0.000000000000000000000000001 lux, there is no such camera. We have the following without IR illumination: The larger the CCD sensor the higher the sensitivity and cost of the camera. Only BW are available at 0.003lux. UavInTheNews uses 0.003 lux camera for aerial monitoring. A CCTV brochure must state the lux sensitivity (0 lux is not true) and image sensor size. The more sensitive ranges of lux requires less InfraRedLeds to illuminate a dark area.
 * 0.5 lux on 1/4 inch sensors
 * 0.1 lux on 1/4 inch sensors which is also limit for color images
 * 0.01 lux on 1/3inch sensors B/W
 * 0.003 lux CCD limit before image smearing takes place on 1/2 inch CCD sensors with movement. B/W
 * 0.0001 lux used in AstronomyCameras  because the night sky is static.

webcam to scope
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQPqlKNPvoI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltHe3xAgjN4 connect webcam to  http://www.ustream.tv  watch over web

Sony
http://www.securitycamera2000.com/products/Core-Mechanism-1%7B47%7D3%27%27-SONY-CCD-700TVL-27X-ZOOM-for-PTZ-Dome-Camera-OSD.html Sony block camera used for UAV drone http://diydrones.com/profiles/blogs/fpv-gimbal-for-zoom-camera?id=705844%3ABlogPost%3A1875571&page=2#comments


 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvsHrKIafQ8 flir on uav
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npFp09kIb08 Sony block camera on Quad frames, QuadroCopter
 * http://www.goodluckbuy.com/700tvl-1-3-sony-super-had-ccd-color-camera-ntsc-pal-lens-for-fpv-system-support-osd-menu.html
 * http://unmannedtechshop.co.uk/hd-camera-1080p-fpv-action-camera.html

Ebay shippers
http://www.ebay.com/itm/Watec-WAT-902H-1-2-CCD-Monochrome-CCTV-IR-B-W-Camera-Free-Bracket-/380413678047?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item58926c11df
 * Will ship combined orders, most ebay merchants refuse

Watec retailers
http://www.spytown.com/watec-wat-902hb2s-eia.html

Build own analogue camera
Reverse engineer Sanyo and others via http://www.bomarc.org/catalogs/Catalog-upload/VIDEO.txt BoMarc and build own CCTV camera and sell via FrontingCompany. http://www.dspfpga.com/?lang=en design with Sony CCD sensors.

FSO and cameras
Digitize the video signal as the camera source and transmit the signal back via FreeSpaceOptics instead of  using a VideoBalun. Nearly unlimited repeater nodes are created with FSO. Use FSO to repeat a camera signal back to the base.

CCTV stops crime in Natal
http://www.saweather.co.za/frameset.html?furl=http://www.iol.co.za/widgets/rss_redirect.php?artid=vn20080105083058569C443360&setid=1&sectid=13&url=iol&vne=0&csect=South+Africa

Lenses used in CCTV
* OpticalManufacturers

Build pan, tilt, Zoom system with RS485
["RS485"]. RS485 under ElecTronics to control stepper motor manipulating camera on roof. Use InfraRedLeds to provide nightvision at over 300m in pitch black darkness between 880 and 940nm.

Spectral response and CCD sizes
The larger the CCD sensor the better the spectral response or the better image resolution is achieved. 1/2'' CCD coupled with an Infra-red laser can detect motion at 800m. 1/3'' provides a good trade-off between cost and performance. 1/4inch, 1/3 and 1/2inch are sizes used for night vision. The lux value must be at least 0.01lux for long distance vision.

Astronomy cameras for CCTV
* South African distributor of http://www.wateccameras.com: Scientific Alert 011 476 5718 * http://www.ultech.co.za

* 0.003lux camera * 0.08lux camera * See AstronomyCameras

Forums
* http://www.cctvforum.com/archive/post/video_over_Power_over_ethernet-9452-17.html * http://books.google.co.za/books?id=DaQY8CrmqFcC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=%22analogue+video+to+ethernet%22&source=web&ots=PVOq4dWsJb&sig=LjCxYzpf7myaikQfUhnmQHcJ-o4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=76&ct=result

pulnix
http://www.pulnix.com/Defense/Defense1.htm

http://www.ebay.com/itm/NOS-PULNIX-TM-6EX-HIGH-RESOLUTION-CCD-MONOCHROME-VIDEO-CAMERA/301075879508?rt=nc&_trksid=p2047675.m1851&_trkparms=aid%3D222002%26algo%3DSIC.FIT%26ao%3D1%26asc%3D261%26meid%3D5067208750945764461%26pid%3D100005%26prg%3D1088%26rk%3D1%26rkt%3D5%26sd%3D281270550256%26

Pulnix has UltraViolet sensitive cameras.

Nightvision
Nightvision for CCD are achieved in the 820-880nm(semi-covert) and 940nm(completely covert) pectrum. A cluster of high power InfraRedLeds(820nm) will glow like red dragon eyes. For street surveillance 940nm must be used which is completely invisable to the human eye. The diodes are more expensive and the spectral response of the CCD must sensitive in the 940nm region. To prevent headlights from blinding the camera a IR filter lens is attached. Discriminating between a human walking down the street and a car driving past is possible. See http://www.zoneminder.com wiki for details on this. Eyes of animals work as the same way like CCTV Cameraswhile in the dark.

http://www.baxall.com sells a camera with an A/D converter on every pixel of the CCD sensor. The camera is usually used to attenuate sharp light overloading the CCD sensor. http://www.reditron.co.za will be able to provide more info on the Baxall range. http://www.axis.com Ethernet camera's CCD sensor are not suitable for nightvision applications. A high end mini-itx connected to a KMC-4400r or Pico capture card should be used and the mini-itx Ethernet port connected to the network. http://ffmpeg.mplayerhq.hu are used by ZoneMinder to stream Jpeg images over the network. In this way an Axis ethernet camera functionality is simulated. For a high current(2A, 12v) long range IR camera like the E-558(eaglecctv) use a standard PC power supply. Bridge the Green and Black contacts on the ATX connector to power it up.

CCD sensors
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521648343/qid=1149096194/sr=1-10/ref=sr_1_10/002-9750372-8694448?s=books&v=glance&n=283155

http://www.amazon.com/New-CCD-Astronomy-Capture-Backyard/dp/0971123705/ref=pd_sim_b_4/105-3424817-3677210?ie=UTF8&qid=1149096194&sr=1-10

1/4, 1/3, 1/2 inch Ccd's
In the days of vcr's we all used to use wither vhs (240 tvl colour) or svhs (supossidly >400tvl) and cameras were either med res (380 tvl b/w/330 colour) or high res (570 tvl b/w 480 tvl colour). Now as you could only resolve 240 on vhs why use high res cameras? Well you do end up with a slightly sharper image from high res kit even though your only recording the same actual number of pixels, i assume its to do withthe way the camera makes 380 tvl source into a 625 tvl transmission but i dont know. I would say always go for high res where possible (on the cam front)

Note on format sizes 1/4 1/3 and 1/2 inch ccd's all have (or can have) the same number of pixels. As most cctv is made from camcorder chips we tend to follow that industry, thats why the really specilist cctv are so much money (1/2 frame transfers etc). Even though a 1/4" can produce the same number of pixels a 1/2" chip can it needs a lot more light or gain to be able to do this. This is why cheapo cams have leds on them as they use 1/4 pickups and through their own light rather than 1/2 which can use clear starlight. Id go with a 1/3 as its a good balance between cost and low light performance. But if you have the light it matters little. Plus the smaller factors need cheaper lenses so you can save there.

Protecting the CCTV camera against sabotage
PIR detectors are protected from having the heat sensing unit spray painted with black paint by using a short range Ultra-Sonic detector to detect any attempt as masking the PIR. See ElecTronics. It is known in the trade as PIR anti-masking. Clamp such an Ultra-Sonic detector against the camera to determine if a thief spray paints the camera. This is especially useful if the camera is not in motion detection mode.

Via Mini-itx and megapixel-camera
from http://robots.net/article/2153.htmlBR * http://www.c-o-n-e.org/acone/software.html * http://www.c-o-n-e.org/acone/hardware.html Pictures of thermal regulated camera box.

Commercial DVR
* $200 http://www.gadspot.com/product_info.php?&products_id=84 * $4 VGA converter http://www.gadspot.com/product_info.php?products_id=100&osCsid=bcda1909ab55e091277b97685723b340

Build own Ethernet cameras
Build a circuit based on CircuitCellar June 2007 issue of video analogue to digital conversion using ARM processor and H-V line syncroniser seperator. Using an ASIC ciruit the digital data interfaces with an embedded ethernet controler which in turn interfaces with a switch. The switch connects to the VDSL2+ DsLam modem for video surveillance network.

Lenses
LENSES FOR CAMERAS $59 * http://store.yahoo.com/discountsonline/min35afzooml.html

ELECTRONIC HEARING OF GUNSHOT. * http://cbs2chicago.com/illinois/IL--ElectronicEars-in/resources_news_html

Nightvision goggles for R1000 * http://www.opticsplanet.net/nightvision.html

Video surveillance specialists * http://www.activesolutions.com/ * http://www.globalcomputer.com/applications/searchtools/search.asp?mnf=509&cat=35

* OGG THEORA Elphel Model 333 A Linux-based network camera that uses the Ogg Theora decoder, implemented on an FPGA in open source code. Ogg Theora is said to allow, for the first time, both a low bitrate and high-resolution, high-framerate video. details. http://linuxdevices.com/articles/AT3888835064.html http://www.elphel.com/3fhlo/samples/333_samples/

MPEG4 linux boards from the aviosys website * http://www.vitecmm.com/product.php?id=2

Video streaming
 * www.icecast.org
 * www.asterix.org? spelt right?
 * Cctv streaming

Other notes
* CctvRetailers * CctvLinks

CCTV stops crime
http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2014/02/20/hundreds-of-surveillance-cameras-going-up-in-this-jewish-neighborhood/